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| Anacardium occidentale |
Plant | Anacardium occidentale | Anacardium occidentale The cashew is a tree in the family Anacardiaceae. Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree, caju, which in turn derives from the indigenous Tupi name, acajú. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples.
Spreading evergreen perennial tree to 12 m tall; leaves simple, alternate, obovate, glabrous, penninerved, to 20 cm long, 15 cm wide, apically rounded or notched, entire, short petiolate; flowers numerous in terminal panicles, 10–20 cm long, male or female, green and reddish, radially symmetrical nearly; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10; ovary one-locular, one-ovulate, style simple; fruit a reniform achene, about 3 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, attached to the distal end of an enlarged pedicel and hypocarp, called the cashew-apple; this shiny, red or yellowish, pear-shaped, soft, juicy, 10–20 cm long, 4–8 cm broad; fruit reniform, edible, with two large white cotyledons and a small embryo, surrounded by a hard pericarp which is cellular and oily, oil is poisonous causing allergenic reactions in some humans. Fl. variable. Jambu mete Indonesia called.
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| Anacardium occidentale |
Energy 2,314 kJ (553 kcal)
Carbohydrates 30.19 g
- Sugars 5.91 g
- Dietary fiber 3.3 g
Fat 43.85 g
Protein 18.22 g
Thiamine (Vit. B1) .42 mg (32%)
Riboflavin (Vit. B2) .06 mg (4%)
Niacin (Vit. B3) 1.06 mg (7%)
Pantothenic acid (B5) .86 mg (17%)
Vitamin B6 .42 mg (32%)
Folate (Vit. B9) 25 μg (6%)
Vitamin C . 5 mg (1%)
Calcium 37 mg (4%)
Iron 6.68 mg (53%)
Magnesium 292 mg (79%)
Manganese 1.66 mg (83%)
Phosphorus 593 mg (85%)
Potassium 660 mg (14%)
Sodium 12 mg (1%)
Zinc 5.78 mg (58%)
Medicine and industry
The cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a byproduct of processing cashew, is mostly composed of anacardic acids. These acids have been used effectively against tooth abscesses due to their lethality to a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria. Many parts of the plant are used by the Patamona of Guyana medicinally. The bark is scraped and soaked overnight or boiled as an antidiarrheal; it also yields a gum used in varnish. Seeds are ground into powders used for antivenom for snake bites. The nut oil is used topically as an antifungal and for healing cracked heels. Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials
Yields and Economics
Yields are said to range from 0–48 kg/tree/year, with an average yield of 800–1,000 kg/ha. Heavy bearing trees often produce nuts considered too small for the trade. Indian field trials showed that fertilizers could increase yields of 15-year-old trees from less than 1 kg/tree to >4 and enabled 6 year olds to average 5.7. Regular applications of 250 g N, 150 g P2O5 and 150 g K2O/tree resulted in average yield increases of 700–1600 kg/ha (Nambiar and Haridasan, 1979). In Pernambuco, trees produced 1.5–24.0 kg each/year, averaging 10.3 kg per tree (Johnson, 1973). At Pacajus (Ceara, Brazil) trees average 17.4 kg/yr with one tree bearing 48 kg/yr. Major producers of cashew nuts are India, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Kenya. In 1968 India planted over 224,000 ha in cashews to supply over 200 processing factories operating all year. In 1971 India produced 90,000 MT, the bulk exported to United States and USSR. Export price at US ports was $.33/kg. India imports green nuts from the African countries and processes them for resale. Import prices in 1971 in India was 1730 rupees/MT. Cashawa Gum is obtained from the West Indies, Portuguese East Africa, Tanzania and Kenya.
Yields are said to range from 0–48 kg/tree/year, with an average yield of 800–1,000 kg/ha. Heavy bearing trees often produce nuts considered too small for the trade. Indian field trials showed that fertilizers could increase yields of 15-year-old trees from less than 1 kg/tree to >4 and enabled 6 year olds to average 5.7. Regular applications of 250 g N, 150 g P2O5 and 150 g K2O/tree resulted in average yield increases of 700–1600 kg/ha (Nambiar and Haridasan, 1979). In Pernambuco, trees produced 1.5–24.0 kg each/year, averaging 10.3 kg per tree (Johnson, 1973). At Pacajus (Ceara, Brazil) trees average 17.4 kg/yr with one tree bearing 48 kg/yr. Major producers of cashew nuts are India, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Kenya. In 1968 India planted over 224,000 ha in cashews to supply over 200 processing factories operating all year. In 1971 India produced 90,000 MT, the bulk exported to United States and USSR. Export price at US ports was $.33/kg. India imports green nuts from the African countries and processes them for resale. Import prices in 1971 in India was 1730 rupees/MT. Cashawa Gum is obtained from the West Indies, Portuguese East Africa, Tanzania and Kenya.
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| Anacardium occidentale |
Biotic Factors
Cashew tree has few serious diseases or pests. The following are reported disease-causing agents, none of which are considered of economic importance: Aspergillus chevalieri, A. niger, Atelosaccharomyces moachoi, Balladynastrum anacardii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Cassytha filiformis, Cephaleuros mycoides, Ceratocystis sp., Cercospora anacardii, Colletotrichum capsici, Cytonaema sp., Endomyces anacardii, Fusarium decemcellulare, Gloeosporium sp., Glomerella cingulata, Meliola anacardii, Nematospora corylii, Parasaccharomyces giganteus, Pestaliopsis disseminata, Phyllosticta anacardicola, P. mortoni, Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium spinosum, Schizotrichum indicum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichomerium psidii, Trichothecium roseum, Valsa eugeniae. Cuscuta chinensis attacks the tree. In Brazil, high populations of the nematodes Criconemoides, Scutellonema, and Xiphinema are reported around cashew roots (Lima et al, 1975). Of insects, Helopeltis spp. have been reported in Tanzania. Four insects are considered major pests: the white fly (Aleurodicus cocois), a caterpillar (Anthistarcha binoculares), a red beetle (Crimissa sp.), and a thripe (Selenothrips rubrocinctus). Flowers are visited by flies, ants and other insects, which may serve as pollinators. Artificial pollination is practiced in some areas.
Cashew tree has few serious diseases or pests. The following are reported disease-causing agents, none of which are considered of economic importance: Aspergillus chevalieri, A. niger, Atelosaccharomyces moachoi, Balladynastrum anacardii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Cassytha filiformis, Cephaleuros mycoides, Ceratocystis sp., Cercospora anacardii, Colletotrichum capsici, Cytonaema sp., Endomyces anacardii, Fusarium decemcellulare, Gloeosporium sp., Glomerella cingulata, Meliola anacardii, Nematospora corylii, Parasaccharomyces giganteus, Pestaliopsis disseminata, Phyllosticta anacardicola, P. mortoni, Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium spinosum, Schizotrichum indicum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichomerium psidii, Trichothecium roseum, Valsa eugeniae. Cuscuta chinensis attacks the tree. In Brazil, high populations of the nematodes Criconemoides, Scutellonema, and Xiphinema are reported around cashew roots (Lima et al, 1975). Of insects, Helopeltis spp. have been reported in Tanzania. Four insects are considered major pests: the white fly (Aleurodicus cocois), a caterpillar (Anthistarcha binoculares), a red beetle (Crimissa sp.), and a thripe (Selenothrips rubrocinctus). Flowers are visited by flies, ants and other insects, which may serve as pollinators. Artificial pollination is practiced in some areas.
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